超弦理论 （第2卷） 【正版图书】 下载 pdf 百度网盘 epub 免费 2025 电子书 mobi 在线

Recent years have brought a revival of work on string theory, which has been a source of fascination since its origins nearly twenty years ago.There seems to be a widely perceived need for a systematic, pedagogical exposition of the present state of knowledge about string theory. We hope that this book will help to meet this need. To give a comprehensive account of such a vast topic as string theory would scarcely be possible,even in two volumes with the length to which these have grown. Indeed,we have had to omit many important subjects, while treating others only sketchily. String field theory is omitted entirely (though the subject of chapter 11 is closely related to light-cone string field theory). Conformal field theory is not developed systematically, though much of the background material needed to understand recent papers on this subject is presented in chapter 3 and elsewhere.

Preface

8One-loopdiagramsinthebosonicstringtheory

8.Open-stringone-loopamplitudes

8..Theplanardiagrams

8..2Thenonorientablediagrams

8..3Nonplanarloopdiagrams

8.2Closed-stringone-loopamplitudes

8.2.Thetorus

8.2.2Modularinvariance

8.2.3Theintegrationregion

8.2.4Analysisofdivergences

8.2.5Thecosmologicalconstant

8.2.6Amplitudeswithclosed-stringmasslessstates

8.3Otherdiagramsforunorientedstrings

8.3.Higher-ordertreediagrams

8.3.2Therealprojectiveplane

8.3.3Otherloopdiagrams

8.4Summary

8.AJacobi0functions

9One-laopdiagramsinsuperstringtheory

9.Opemsuperstringamplitudes

9..AmplitudeswithM4masslessexternalstates

9..2Theplanardiagrams

9..3Nonorientablediagrams

9..4Orientablenonplanardiagrams

9.2TypeIItheories

9.2.aFinitenessofthetorusamplitude

9.2.2Compactificationonatorus

9.2.3Thelow-energylimitofone-loopamplitudes

9.3Thehea-eroticstringtheory

9.3.Thetoruswithfourextern

格林出生日期-793（793～84）Green-George格林，英国人。793年7月4日生于英国的诺廷尼姆附近的斯内顿。833年，40岁的格林自费到英国剑桥大学学习，837年毕业，获学士学位。839年成为剑桥大学教授。84年5月3日格林去世，终年48岁。格林在数学上作出了重要贡献。828年格林私人出资印刷了自学数学后写成的论文《关于数学分析用于电磁学理论》。在这篇论文中，他从拉普拉斯方程出发，证明了以他的名字命名的格林公式。格林是以未知函数在边界上的值及另一种已知函数来求出未知函数所满足的方程的。这个已知函数格林自己称之为位势函数，而黎曼称之为格林函数。现在格林函数经常出现在常微分方程、椭圆型和抛物型的偏微分方程的边值问题以及理论物理的文献中是一个十分重要的概念。利用格林函数可以将微分方程边值问题转化为积分方程问题。例如，二阶线性常微分方程的非齐次边值问题的解，可用格林函数的积分形式表出。833年格林着手研究变密度椭球的引力位势问题，并证明了 当未知函数在物体边界上给定时，在整个物体上刚好有一个函数满足拉普拉斯方程，这个函数没有奇点，但有给定的边界值。格林还指出了这个未知函数和它的所有一阶偏导数在物体内部连续，这一要求可以用来代替它的导数所应满足的边界条件，并得到一个简捷的公式。公式中出现了这样一个函数，在表面上必须为零，在内部一个固定的但未具体确定的点上变为无穷，同时又满足拉普拉斯方程。很明显，若找到了这个函数（就是格林函数），一般满足拉普拉斯方程及边界条件的函数也就找到了。格林这种解偏微分方程的方法称为奇异点方法。还要指出，格林次引入了极小化积分的表达式 系统地研究过波在管道中的传播，并用含参变数的二阶常微分方程来描述 他还对这个方程进行深入的研究，得到了近似解。格林对数学、物理学的许多领域都有杰出的贡献。现在大学的数学或物理学教科书或当代文献中以格林的名字命名的有格林定理、格林公式、格林算子、格林曲线、格林测度、格林函数、格林空间等。

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Recentyearshebroughtarevivalofworkonstringtheory-whichhasbeenasourceoffascinationsinceitsoriginsnearlytwentyyearsago.Thereseemstobeawidelyperceivedneedforasystematic-pedagogicalexpositionofthepresentstateofknowledgeaboutstringtheory.Wehopethatthisbookwillhelptomeetthisneed.Togiveacomprehensiveaccountofsuchasttopicasstringtheorywouldscarcelybepossible-evenintwovolumeswiththelengthtowhichthesehegrown.Indeed-wehehadtoomitmanyimportantsubjects-whiletreatingothersonlysketchily.Stringfieldtheoryisomittedentirely(thoughthesubjectofchapteriscloselyrelatedtolight-conestringfieldtheory).Conformalfieldtheoryisnotdevelopedsystematically-thoughmuchofthebackgroundmaterialneededtounderstandrecentpapersonthissubjectispresentedinchapter3andelsewhere.

书籍介绍

Recent years have brought a revival of work on string theory, which has been a source of fascination since its origins nearly twenty years ago.There seems to be a widely perceived need for a systematic, pedagogical exposition of the present state of knowledge about string theory. We hope that this book will help to meet this need. To give a comprehensive account of such a vast topic as string theory would scarcely be possible,even in two volumes with the length to which these have grown. Indeed,we have had to omit many important subjects, while treating others only sketchily. String field theory is omitted entirely (though the subject of chapter 11 is closely related to light-cone string field theory). Conformal field theory is not developed systematically, though much of the background material needed to understand recent papers on this subject is presented in chapter 3 and elsewhere.