SAILING FROM BYZANTIUM(ISBN=9780553382730) 下载 pdf 百度网盘 epub 免费 2025 电子书 mobi 在线

　　A gripping intellectual adventure story, Sailing from

Byzantium sweeps you from the deserts of Arabia to the dark forests

of northern Russia, from the colorful towns of Renaissance Italy to

the final moments of a millennial city under siege….

Byzantium: the successor of Greece and Rome, this magnificent

empire bridged the ancient and modern worlds for more than a

thousand years. Without Byzantium, the works of Homer and

Herodotus, Plato and Aristotle, Sophocles and Aeschylus, would

never have survived. Yet very few of us have any idea of the

enormous debt we owe them.

The story of Byzantium is a real-life adventure of electrifying

ideas, high drama, colorful characters, and inspiring feats of

daring. In Sailing from Byzantium, Colin Wells tells of the

missionaries, mystics, philosophers, and artists who against great

odds and often at peril of their own lives spread Greek ideas to

the Italians, the Arabs, and the Slavs.

Their heroic efforts inspired the Renaissance, the golden age of

Islamic learning, and Russian Orthodox Christianity, which came

complete with a new alphabet, architecture, and one of the world’s

greatest artistic traditions.

The story’s central reference point is an arcane squabble called

the Hesychast controversy that pitted humanist scholars led by the

brilliant, acerbic intellectual Barlaam against the powerful monks

of Mount Athos led by the stern Gregory Palamas, who denounced

“pagan” rationalism in favor of Christian mysticism.

Within a few decades, the light of Byzantium would be

extinguished forever by the invading Turks, but not before the

humanists found a safe haven for Greek literature. The controversy

of rationalism versus faith would continue to be argued by some of

history’s greatest minds.

Fast-paced, compulsively readable, and filled with fascinating

insights, Sailing from Byzantium is one of the great historical

dramas–the gripping story of how the flame of civilization was

saved and passed on.

From the Hardcover edition.

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在这一时期的罗斯，弗拉基米尔·莫诺马赫的儿子“长臂”尤里（Yuri Dolgoruky）——他因为对领土扩张的渴望人尽皆知而获得这个外号——于1108年在遥远东北方的森林之中的克利亚济马河（Klyazma）畔建造了一个坚固的据点，并以父亲的名字命名为弗拉基米尔。弗拉基米尔城的重要性与日俱增。半个世纪之后，尤里的儿子兼继承人安德烈·鲍格柳波斯基（AndreiBogolyubsky）大公将首都从基辅迁到了此地。安德烈也在弗拉基米尔城及附近掀起了一股建筑热潮，用当地有特色的白色石料建起几座格外华美的教堂，这些教堂成了所有旅行者的必游景点。在大公的驻地之外，弗拉基米尔公国很快控制了附近的两座繁华城市：罗斯托夫（Rostov）和苏兹达尔（Suzdal）。

也是在这一时期，1147年，小定居点莫斯科首次出现在史料中。莫斯科位于弗拉基米尔城正西方的莫斯科河畔。安德烈·鲍格柳波斯基在迁都弗拉基米尔的前一年，即1156年，在莫斯科的中心建造了第一处土墙围成的防御工事，称为克里姆林（Kremlin）。莫斯科此后日渐繁荣，最终取代弗拉基米尔，成为大公驻地。

古代世界被语言一分为二，一边是拉丁语，一边是希腊语。在中世纪，两者的分界线从地中海向北延伸，分开了寒冷潮湿的斯拉夫世界。这条分界线由西里尔、梅索迪奥斯等传教士以及西欧的传教士划出，穿过巴尔干直抵东欧。

但分界线不是根据不同语言划分的，而是根据使用的不同字母，因为两侧的民族基本上全都讲斯拉夫语言。一侧的斯拉夫人追随西面的罗马，接受了天主教信仰和拉丁字母，形成了今天的波兰人、捷克人、斯洛文尼亚人；另一侧的斯拉夫人则追随东面的拜占庭，接受了东正教和西里尔字母，形成了今天的俄罗斯人、乌克兰人、保加利亚人、塞尔维亚人，还有其他先祖生活在拜占庭治下的族群。一些民族，比如匈牙利人①和捷克人，则首鼠两端。一般来说，原本的斯拉夫语言会随之分开，这些人今天会使用不同的语言，但是信东正教的塞尔维亚人和信天主教的克罗地亚人至今还在使用同样的语言，也就是塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语，仅是书写不同而已。分界线把他们隔开了。

佛罗伦萨在人文主义世界中无可撼动的领导地位于15世纪中叶消失了。其主要原因有二：新兴的独立且富有影响力的教宗从佛罗伦萨回到了罗马；佛罗伦萨公会议之后拜占庭人文主义者向意大利其他地区的分散加上君士坦丁堡的陷落。意大利北部的大多数有志于此的城市，都于15世纪中叶在受到拜占庭式训练的意大利人文主义者的牵头下建立了人文主义的学校。这样的学校在米兰、费拉拉和曼托瓦等城市都可以见到。

和阿卜杜勒·马立克建造的圆顶清真寺一样，这一切都是为了强调耶路撒冷对穆斯林的重要性。但是对阿卜杜勒·马立克来说，与亚伯拉罕之间的联系尤为重要；与穆罕默德之间的联系是在后来的历史中伪造出来的。生活在阿卜杜勒·马立克统治时期的阿拉伯人宣称自己与亚伯拉罕之后的犹太人（通过夏甲和以实玛利流传）拥有共同血统，把自己的新信仰视作亚伯拉罕传统的顶峰。

税收结构、货币、市政管理——从埃及到安条克的公共生活的节奏似乎一直保持着相同或者相似的节奏，仅有阿拉伯穆斯林指挥官在顶端取代了古老的皇室官员这一点除外。大量来自希腊语的阿拉伯语借词，反映了新的统治者大规模延续了旧制度，因为阿拉伯人只是将阿拉伯语中没有的词汇简单地从希腊语直译过来。被拜占庭称作“demosia”的人头税变成了“al-haraj ad-dimusi”；应缴税的农田或“pakton”变成了“baqt”；收税的官员“grapheis”以及“meizon”分别演变成“garafisis”和“mazun”；而拜占庭的货币“denarius”成了“dinar”。在以前属于波斯的地区可能有着类似的现象，不过倭马亚王朝的权力中心位于拜占庭旧地，因此在早期对拜占庭的因素更看重。

另一种影响体现在民间文化和艺术表达的层面上，阿拉伯人的态度由忽视转变为学习。伊本·赫勒敦说，当过着游牧生活的阿拉伯部落在征服之后转去防卫前哨地区，他们从贝都因的生活方式转而定居下来。虽然起初他们是之前的拜占庭人和波斯人的主人，但最终阿拉伯人还是向这些文明化了的臣民学习，掌握了定居生活所需的技能。

与行政事务一样，这一过程在阿拉伯语中的希腊语借词中同样有迹可循，其范围涵盖家庭生活（家居用品、家具、烹饪、服装、清洁、珠宝）、农业（动物、庄稼、其他植物、仓储用具）、商业（测量、船舶、其他航海事务）、文学（书写工具和书写方式）、艺术和工艺，以及宗教信仰。

学者们还追踪到了拜占庭人和波斯人对阿拉伯音乐及绘画的影响，伊本·赫勒敦说阿拉伯人从他们的新臣民身上学到了这些东西。拜占庭人的法律同样被早期的伊斯兰教的“qadis”或说法官所接受，为后来的沙里亚法（sharia）或说伊斯兰教法的法律体系的构建做出了贡献。拜占庭元素的延续和阿拉伯对拜占庭的模仿是如此普遍，以至于现代历史学家称大马士革的倭马亚哈里发国家为“新拜占庭...

书籍介绍

A gripping intellectual adventure story, Sailing from Byzantium sweeps you from the deserts of Arabia to the dark forests of northern Russia, from the colorful towns of Renaissance Italy to the final moments of a millennial city under siege….

Byzantium: the successor of Greece and Rome, this magnificent empire bridged the ancient and modern worlds for more than a thousand years. Without Byzantium, the works of Homer and Herodotus, Plato and Aristotle, Sophocles and Aeschylus, would never have survived. Yet very few of us have any idea of the enormous debt we owe them.

The story of Byzantium is a real-life adventure of electrifying ideas, high drama, colorful characters, and inspiring feats of daring. In Sailing from Byzantium, Colin Wells tells of the missionaries, mystics, philosophers, and artists who against great odds and often at peril of their own lives spread Greek ideas to the Italians, the Arabs, and the Slavs.

Their heroic efforts inspired the Renaissance, the golden age of Islamic learning, and Russian Orthodox Christianity, which came complete with a new alphabet, architecture, and one of the world’s greatest artistic traditions.

The story’s central reference point is an arcane squabble called the Hesychast controversy that pitted humanist scholars led by the brilliant, acerbic intellectual Barlaam against the powerful monks of Mount Athos led by the stern Gregory Palamas, who denounced “pagan” rationalism in favor of Christian mysticism.

Within a few decades, the light of Byzantium would be extinguished forever by the invading Turks, but not before the humanists found a safe haven for Greek literature. The controversy of rationalism versus faith would continue to be argued by some of history’s greatest minds.

Fast-paced, compulsively readable, and filled with fascinating insights, Sailing from Byzantium is one of the great historical dramas–the gripping story of how the flame of civilization was saved and passed on.