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Theories of social justice are necessarily abstract, reaching beyond the particular and the immediate to the general and the timeless. Yet such theories, addressing the world and its problems, must respond to the real and changing dilemmas of the day. A brilliant work of practical philosophy, "Frontiers of Justice" is dedicated to this proposition. Taking up three urgent problems of social justice neglected by current theories and thus harder to tackle in practical terms and everyday life, Martha Nussbaum seeks a theory of social justice that can guide us to a richer, more responsive approach to social cooperation. The idea of the social contract--especially as developed in the work of John Rawls--is one of the most powerful approaches to social justice in the Western tradition. But as Nussbaum demonstrates, even Rawls's theory, suggesting a contract for mutual advantage among approximate equals, cannot address questions of social justice posed by unequal parties. How, for instance, can we extend the equal rights of citizenship--education, health care, political rights and liberties--to those with physical and mental disabilities? How can we extend justice and dignified life conditions to all citizens of the world? And how, finally, can we bring our treatment of nonhuman animals into our notions of social justice? Exploring the limitations of the social contract in these three areas, Nussbaum devises an alternative theory based on the idea of "capabilities." She helps us to think more clearly about the purposes of political cooperation and the nature of political principles--and to look to a future of greater justice for all.

Abbreviations

Introduction

1. Social Contracts and Three Unsolved Problems of Justice

i. The State of Nature

ii. Three Unsolved Problems

iii. Rawls and the Unsolved Problems

iv. Free, Equal, and Independent

v. Grotius, Hobbes, Locke, Hume, Kant

vi. Three Forms of Contemporary Contractarianism

vii. The Capabilities Approach

viii. Capabilities and Contractarianism

ix. In Search of Global Justice

2. Disabilities and the Social Contract

i. Needs for Care, Problems of Justice

ii. Prudential and Moral Versions of the Contract; Public and Private

iii. Rawls’s Kantian Contractarianism: Primary Goods, Kantian Personhood, Rough Equality, Mutual Advantage

iv. Postponing the Question of Disability

v. Kantian Personhood and Mental Impairment

vi. Care and Disability: Kittay and Sen

vii. Reconstructing Contractarianism?

3. Capabilities and Disabilities

i. The Capabilities Approach: A Noncontractarian Account of Care

ii. The Bases of Social Cooperation

iii. Dignity: Aristotelian, not Kantian

iv. The Priority of the Good, the Role of Agreement

v. Why Capabilities?

vi. Care and the Capabilities List

vii. Capability or Functioning?

viii. The Charge of Intuitionism

ix. The Capabilities Approach and Rawls’s Principles of Justice

x. Types and Levels of Dignity: The Species Norm

xi. Public Policy: The Question of Guardianship

xii. Public Policy: Education and Inclusion

xiii. Public Policy: The Work of Care

xiv. Liberalism and Human Capabilities

4. Mutual Advantage and Global Inequality: The Transnational Social Contract

i. A World of Inequalities

ii. A Theory of Justice: The Two-Stage Contract Introduced

iii. The Law of Peoples: The Two-Stage Contract Reaffirmed and Modified

iv. Justification and Implementation

v. Assessing the Two-Stage Contract

vi. The Global Contract: Beitz and Pogge

vii. Prospects for an International Contractrarianism

5. Capabilities across National Boundaries

i. Social Cooperation: The Priority of Entitlements

ii. Why Capabilities?

iii. Capabilities and Rights

iv. Equality and Adequacy

v. Pluralism and Toleration

vi. An International “Overlapping Consensus”?

vii. Globalizing the Capabilities Approach: The Role of Institutions

viii. Globalizing the Capabilities Approach: What Institutions?

ix. Ten Principles for the Global Structure

6. Beyond “Compassion and Humanity”: Justice for Nonhuman Animals

i. “Beings Entitled to Dignified Existence”

ii. Kantian Social-Contract Views: Indirect Duties, Duties of Compassion

iii. Utilitarianism and Animal Flourishing

iv. Types of Dignity, Types of Flourishing: Extending the Capabilities Approach

v. Methodology: Theory and Imagination

vi. Species and Individual

vii. Evaluating Animal Capabilities: No Nature Worship

viii. Positive and Negative, Capability and Functioning

ix. Equality and Adequacy

x. Death and Harm

xi. An Overlapping Consensus?

xii. Toward Basic Political Principles: The Capabilities List

xiii. The Ineliminability of Conflict

xiv. Toward a Truly Global Justice

7. The Moral Sentiments and the Capabilities Approach

Notes

References

Index

Martha C. Nussbaum is the author of The Fragility of Goodness, The Monarchy of Fear, and Citadels of Pride, among other works. She is the Ernst Freund Distinguished Service Professor of Law and Ethics at the University of Chicago, where she is in the Law School and Philosophy Department. She has received three of the world’s most significant awards for humanities and social science: the Kyoto Prize in Arts and Philosophy, the Berggruen Prize for Philosophy and Culture, and the 2021 Holberg Prize.

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我将会论述，我们应该从两个方面来批评这 种观点:一是承认许多非人类动物也具有相当的智力水平;一是反对这样 的观念，即只有能够作为原始的平等者而进人契约当中的那些个体，才能 是一种正义理论首要的、非派生的对象。

罗尔斯的正义理论忽略了动物，这受到双重促动:一是康德式个人观，一是社会契约状态的结构。与康德不同，罗尔斯认为我们对动物负有 某些道德责任” ;然而，正义则只限于人类领域。

书籍介绍

Theories of social justice are necessarily abstract, reaching beyond the particular and the immediate to the general and the timeless. Yet such theories, addressing the world and its problems, must respond to the real and changing dilemmas of the day. A brilliant work of practical philosophy, "Frontiers of Justice" is dedicated to this proposition. Taking up three urgent problems of social justice neglected by current theories and thus harder to tackle in practical terms and everyday life, Martha Nussbaum seeks a theory of social justice that can guide us to a richer, more responsive approach to social cooperation. The idea of the social contract--especially as developed in the work of John Rawls--is one of the most powerful approaches to social justice in the Western tradition. But as Nussbaum demonstrates, even Rawls's theory, suggesting a contract for mutual advantage among approximate equals, cannot address questions of social justice posed by unequal parties. How, for instance, can we extend the equal rights of citizenship--education, health care, political rights and liberties--to those with physical and mental disabilities? How can we extend justice and dignified life conditions to all citizens of the world? And how, finally, can we bring our treatment of nonhuman animals into our notions of social justice? Exploring the limitations of the social contract in these three areas, Nussbaum devises an alternative theory based on the idea of "capabilities." She helps us to think more clearly about the purposes of political cooperation and the nature of political principles--and to look to a future of greater justice for all.